Dalam kalimat bahasa Inggris, gerunds mempunyai peran
sebagai:
1. Gerunds as subject
2. Gerunds as object
3. Gerunds as subjective complement
4. Gerunds as object of preposition
5. Gerunds after word “NO”
6. Gerunds after possessive adjective
7. Gerunds after certain verbs
8. Gerunds as appositive
Gerunds as subject
Reading is not my hobby.
Swimming is better than running.
Hiking can be very strenuous.
Gerunds as object
I like reading.
She goes swimming every morning.
Their favorite sport is running.
Gerunds as Subjective Complement
Gerund sebagai pelengkap subjek dalam kalimat biasanya selalu didahului tobe yang terletak di antara subject dan subjective complement, contoh:
Her favorite sport is swimming.
Gerunds as object of preposition
Gerund sebagai objek dari preposisi terletak setelah preposisi, misalnya; for, before, without, in, at, after, dll.
Contoh;
I will wash the dishes after eating.
You cannot be rich man without working.
Gerunds after “NO”
Dalam kalimat larangan, kita sering memakai kata “No” dan setelahnya biasanya diletakkan verb + ing yaitu gerunds. Contoh:
No Smoking!
No parking in this area!
Gerunds after possessive adjective
Gerunds juga sering kita jumpai setelah possessive adjective. Misalnya:
Thanks for your coming.
Gerunds after certain verbs
Dalam bahasa Inggris, ada beberapa kata kerja tertentu yang bila kita ingin memasukan kata kerja sesudah kata kerja tersebut, maka kata kerja setelahnya harusnya berbentuk gerund atau verb + ing.
Berikut ini daftar kata kerja-kata kerja tersebut beserta contoh kalimatnya:
Admit : He admitted cheating on the test.
Advise : The doctor generally advised drinking low-fat milk.
Allow : Ireland doesn't allow smoking in bars.
Anticipate : I anticipated arriving late.
Appreciate : I appreciated her helping me.
Avoid : He avoided talking to her.
Begin : I began learning Chinese.
can't bear : He can't bear having so much responsibility.
can't help : He can't help talking so loudly.
can't see : I can't see paying so much money for a car.
can't stand : He can't stand her smoking in the office.
Cease : The government ceased providing free healthcare.
Complete : He completed renovating the house.
Consider ; She considered moving to New York.
Continue : He continued talking.
Defend : The lawyer defended her making such statements.
Delay : He delayed doing his taxes.
Deny : He denied committing the crime.
Despise : She despises waking up early.
Discuss : We discussed working at the company.
Dislike : She dislikes working after 5 PM.
Mind : I don't mind helping you.
Dread : She dreads getting up at 5 AM.
Encourage : He encourages eating healthy foods.
Enjoy : We enjoy hiking.
Finish : He finished doing his homework.
forget : I forgot giving you my book.
hate : I hate cleaning the bathroom.
Imagine : He imagines working there one day.
Involve : The job involves traveling to Japan once a month.
Keep : She kept interrupting me.
Like : She likes listening to music.
Love : I love swimming.
Mention : He mentioned going to that college.
Miss : She misses living near the beach.
neglect : Sometimes she neglects doing her homework.
permit : California does not permit smoking in restaurants.
Postpone : He postponed returning to Paris.
Practice : She practiced singing the song.
Prefer : He prefers sitting at the back of the movie theater.
propose : I proposed having lunch at the beach.
quit : She quit worrying about the problem.
Recall : Tom recalled using his credit card at the store.
Recollect : She recollected living in Kenya.
Recommend : Tony recommended taking the train.
regret : She regretted saying that.
Remember : I remember telling her the address yesterday.
Report : He reported her stealing the money.
require : The certificate requires completing two courses.
Resent : Nick resented Debbie's being there.
Resist : He resisted asking for help.
Risk : He risked being caught.
Start : He started studying harder.
Stop : She stopped working at 5 o'clock.
Suggest : They suggested staying at the hotel.
Tolerate : I tolerated her talking.
Try : Sam tried opening the lock with a paperclip.
Understand : I understand his quitting.
Urge :They urge recycling bottles and paper
1. Gerunds as subject
2. Gerunds as object
3. Gerunds as subjective complement
4. Gerunds as object of preposition
5. Gerunds after word “NO”
6. Gerunds after possessive adjective
7. Gerunds after certain verbs
8. Gerunds as appositive
Gerunds as subject
Reading is not my hobby.
Swimming is better than running.
Hiking can be very strenuous.
Gerunds as object
I like reading.
She goes swimming every morning.
Their favorite sport is running.
Gerunds as Subjective Complement
Gerund sebagai pelengkap subjek dalam kalimat biasanya selalu didahului tobe yang terletak di antara subject dan subjective complement, contoh:
Her favorite sport is swimming.
Gerunds as object of preposition
Gerund sebagai objek dari preposisi terletak setelah preposisi, misalnya; for, before, without, in, at, after, dll.
Contoh;
I will wash the dishes after eating.
You cannot be rich man without working.
Gerunds after “NO”
Dalam kalimat larangan, kita sering memakai kata “No” dan setelahnya biasanya diletakkan verb + ing yaitu gerunds. Contoh:
No Smoking!
No parking in this area!
Gerunds after possessive adjective
Gerunds juga sering kita jumpai setelah possessive adjective. Misalnya:
Thanks for your coming.
Gerunds after certain verbs
Dalam bahasa Inggris, ada beberapa kata kerja tertentu yang bila kita ingin memasukan kata kerja sesudah kata kerja tersebut, maka kata kerja setelahnya harusnya berbentuk gerund atau verb + ing.
Berikut ini daftar kata kerja-kata kerja tersebut beserta contoh kalimatnya:
Admit : He admitted cheating on the test.
Advise : The doctor generally advised drinking low-fat milk.
Allow : Ireland doesn't allow smoking in bars.
Anticipate : I anticipated arriving late.
Appreciate : I appreciated her helping me.
Avoid : He avoided talking to her.
Begin : I began learning Chinese.
can't bear : He can't bear having so much responsibility.
can't help : He can't help talking so loudly.
can't see : I can't see paying so much money for a car.
can't stand : He can't stand her smoking in the office.
Cease : The government ceased providing free healthcare.
Complete : He completed renovating the house.
Consider ; She considered moving to New York.
Continue : He continued talking.
Defend : The lawyer defended her making such statements.
Delay : He delayed doing his taxes.
Deny : He denied committing the crime.
Despise : She despises waking up early.
Discuss : We discussed working at the company.
Dislike : She dislikes working after 5 PM.
Mind : I don't mind helping you.
Dread : She dreads getting up at 5 AM.
Encourage : He encourages eating healthy foods.
Enjoy : We enjoy hiking.
Finish : He finished doing his homework.
forget : I forgot giving you my book.
hate : I hate cleaning the bathroom.
Imagine : He imagines working there one day.
Involve : The job involves traveling to Japan once a month.
Keep : She kept interrupting me.
Like : She likes listening to music.
Love : I love swimming.
Mention : He mentioned going to that college.
Miss : She misses living near the beach.
neglect : Sometimes she neglects doing her homework.
permit : California does not permit smoking in restaurants.
Postpone : He postponed returning to Paris.
Practice : She practiced singing the song.
Prefer : He prefers sitting at the back of the movie theater.
propose : I proposed having lunch at the beach.
quit : She quit worrying about the problem.
Recall : Tom recalled using his credit card at the store.
Recollect : She recollected living in Kenya.
Recommend : Tony recommended taking the train.
regret : She regretted saying that.
Remember : I remember telling her the address yesterday.
Report : He reported her stealing the money.
require : The certificate requires completing two courses.
Resent : Nick resented Debbie's being there.
Resist : He resisted asking for help.
Risk : He risked being caught.
Start : He started studying harder.
Stop : She stopped working at 5 o'clock.
Suggest : They suggested staying at the hotel.
Tolerate : I tolerated her talking.
Try : Sam tried opening the lock with a paperclip.
Understand : I understand his quitting.
Urge :They urge recycling bottles and paper
Bentuk
Gerund dibentuk dari : kata kerja +
ing (V1 + ing)
Misalnya: smoking, shoping, hunting dan
sebagainya.
Bentuk gerund adalah sama seperti
bentuk present participle, dan keduanya merupakan bagian dari kata kerja.
Perbedaannya gerund merupakan sejenis kata benda, tetapi present participle
adalah semacam kata sifat. Oleh karena itu, meskipun serupa tetapi keduanya sangat
berbeda dalam sifatnya.
B. Sifat
Sifat ganda gerund:
Gerund merupakan part of speech ganda.
Suatu kata benda dan kata kerja yang digabungkan. Oleh karena itu, kita harus
menjelaskannya dalam tiap sifat ini :
1) Sebagai kata benda
2) Sebagai bagian kata kerja
C. Pemakaian
1) Karena gerund merupakan sejenis kata
benda, maka ia dapat digunakan sebagai berikut :
a) Sebagai subjek untuk kata kerja
contoh: Sleeping is necessary to
life
b) Sebagai objek untuk kata kerja
contoh: I don’t like smoking
c) Sebagai komplemen untuk kata kerja
contoh: My chief delight is riding
d) Sebagai objek untuk preposisi
.contoh: He gave up smoking
2) Gerund dengan objek
Karena gerund adalah bagian kata kerja,
ia dapat menggunakan objek di belakangnya.
a) Objek langsung
contoh: He is clever at teaching
mathematics (mathematics = objek langsung)
b) Objek tak langsung
contoh: He is clever at teaching
us mathematics (us = objek tak langsung)
c) Objek yang tetap dipertahankan dalam
kalimat pasif
contoh: She is pleased at being
taught mathematics
d) Objek yang artinya mirip dengan kata
kerja itu sendiri
contoh: She is proud of having
sung a fine song
e) Objek refleksif
contoh: She is in the habit of
oversleeping herself
3) Gerund dengan genitif
Kata benda atau kata ganti, asalkan
menunjukkan orang atau binatang, haruslah dalam kasus genitif, bilamana kata
benda atau kata ganti itu diletakkan di depan gerund.
Contoh: I am pleased at your coming
Perhatikan :
a) Pemakaian gerund yang didahului kata
benda atau kata ganti genitif yang berikut ini kadang-kadang terjadi :
Contoh: This was a creative work of my doing
b) Kadang-kadang huruf “a” diletakkan
di depan gerund dalam pengertian preposisi. Di sini “a” merupakan perubahan
atau singkatan dari preposisi on :
Contoh:
The man has gone a-hunting
He has gone a-fishing
4) Yang memiliki bentuk ing, selain
gerund, masih ada present participle dan kata benda asli, haruslah kita bedakan
dengan jelas.
a) A sleeping carriage (a
carriage used for sleeping), di sini sleeping merupakan gerund
b) A sleeping child (a child
that is sleeping), di sini sleeping merupakan present participle yang dipakai
sebagai kata sifat
c) Rising early is good for
health, di sini rising adalah kata kerja yang diterangkan kata keterangan
early, merupakan gerund yang berfungsi sebagai subjek.
d) Early rising is good for
health, di sini rising diterangkan oleh kata sifat early, dengan demikian
rising adalah part of speech dan merupakan kata benda asli.
5) Gerund dalam bentuk present perfect:
Contoh:
He regrets having done so (he
regrets that he has done or did so)
He regretted having done so (he
regretted that he had done so)
Gerund dan bukan infinitive harus
dipakai:
a) Sesudah preposisi atau ungkapan
berpreposisi :
Without, etc + gerund
Contoh: Do your work without speaking.
Kerjakanlah pekerjaanmu tanpa berbicara
Look forward to + gerund
Contoh: I look forward to seeing
you soon. Saya mengharapkan dengan senang hati menemui anda segera
Instead of, etc + gerund
Contoh: You had much better work instead
of idling away your time. Sebaiknya Anda bekerja daripada
buang-buang waktu
b) Sesudah kata-kata yang secara tetap
menggunakan preposisi :
Fond of + gerund
Contoh: He is always fond of hunting.
Ia selalu suka berburu
Insist on + gerund
Contoh: He insisted on going
to Kudus. Ia bersikeras untuk pergi ke Kudus
Object to + gerund
Contoh: I object to smoking.
Saya keberatan merokok
Prevent from + gerund
Contoh: I was prevented from going
because of illness. Saya terhalang pergi karena sakit
Succeed in + gerund
Contoh: He succeeded in
solving the problem. Ia berhasil memecahkan masalah itu
Think of + gerund
Contoh: I often think of
going to France. Saya sering bermaksud pergi ke Perancis
Tired of + gerund
Contoh: I’m tired of eating
foreign food every day. Saya bosan makan makanan asing tiap hari
Used to + gerund
Contoh: I’m used to getting
up early. Saya biasa bangun pagi-pagi
c) Sesudah katakata kerja tertentu
Avoid + gerund
Contoh: We can’t avoid making
mistakes. Kita tak dapat menghindari membuat kesalahan
Can’t bear + gerund
Contoh: He can’t bear being laughed
at. Ia tak dapat tahan ditertawakan orang
Can’t help + gerund
Contoh: I can’t help laughing.
Saya tak dapat menahan tertawa
Catatan 1 :
Cannot help dan cannot but mempunyai
arti yang sama tidak dapat menahan, tetapi pemakaiannya berbeda. Cannot help
diikuti oleh gerund tetapi cannot but diikuti oleh infinitive tanpa to.
contoh :
I cannot but laugh
Can’t stand + gerund
Contoh: She can’t stand being
laughed at. Ia tak tahan ditertawakan orang
Delay + gerund
Contoh: I delayed answering you
owing to pressure of work. Saya menunda untuk menjawab anda karena sibuk
Enjoy + gerund
He enjoys playing a game
of football. Ia senang sekali bermain sepak bola
Catatan 2 :
Kata-kata kerja yang berarti “to like”
atau “to dislike” boleh diikuti infinitive atau gerund.
Contoh:
He likes reading English
literature (he likes to read English literature). Ia suka membaca
kesusastraan Inggris
She dislikes swimming (he
dislike to swim). Ia tak suka berenang
Escape + gerund
Contoh: He narrowly escaped drowning.
Ia nyaris tenggelam
Finish + gerund
Contoh: I haven’t finished
speaking. Saya belum selesai berbicara
Catatan 3 :
Kata kerja yang berarti “to begin”
diikuti oleh infinitive atau gerund
Go on (= continue) + gerund
Contoh: The rain went on falling
all night. Hujan terus turun sepanjang malam
Keep (on) + gerund
Contoh: He was kept waiting
a long time, but he kept his temper. Ia dibiarkan menunggu lama, tetapi ia
menahan amarahnya
Mind (= object to) + gerund
Contoh: Would you mind shutting
the window? berkeberatankah anda menutup jendela itu?
Miss + gerund
Contoh: He narrowly missed getting
killed. Ia nyaris terbunuh
Postpone + gerund
Contoh: I shall postpone
writing till I learn full particulars. Saya akan menunda menulis surat
sampai saya mendengar/mengetahui data yang lengkap
Remember + gerund
Contoh: I remember meeting
you at the theatre. Saya ingat pernah menjumpai anda di dalam gedung bioskop
Stop + gerund
Contoh: My watch stopped
ticking. Jam saya mati
Understand + gerund
Contoh: He understands managing
his business. Ia mengerti bagaimana mengurus bisnisnya
d) Sesudah kata-kata sifat tertentu
Busy + gerund
Contoh: I am busy writing
letters. Saya sibuk menulis surat
Worth + gerund
Contoh: This book is worth
reading. Buku ini patut dibaca
e) Sesudah ungkapan-ungkapan tertentu
It is no use + gerund
Contoh: It’s no use begging
like a beggar. Tak ada gunanya meminta-minta seperti orang minta-minta
It is no good + gerund
Contoh: It’s no good getting
angry at once. Tak ada gunanya segera menjadi marah
There is no + gerund
Contoh: There’s no getting
around it. Hal itu tak dapat dielakkan
There is no harm in + gerund
Contoh: There’s no harm in trying.
Tak ada ruginya bila mencoba
Have the pleasure of + gerund
Contoh: I had the pleasure of meeting
him. Saya senang sekali bertemu dengannya
Take pleasure in + gerund
Contoh: He takes pleasure in visiting
the sick. Dengan senang hati ia mengunjungi orang sakit
To be interested in + gerund
Contoh: He was interested in learning
more about my work. Ia berminat belajar lebih banyak tentang pekerjaanku
To be ashamed of + gerund
Contoh: The girl was ashamed of
having been beaten in class by her brother. Gadis itu malu karena telah
dipukul di kelas oleh saudara laki-lakinya
Gerund dipakai pada papan tanda yang
menyatakan suatu larangan, yaitu sesudah no
Contoh:
No, talking! diamlah!
No, passing! dilarang melintas!
No, smoking! dilarang merokok!
No, spitting! dilarang meludah!
etc.
Dipakai dalam ungkapan
Contoh: Seeing is believing. Kalau
sudah melihat baru percaya
D. Gerund sejenis kata benda abstrak
Gerund sebenarnya merupakan sejenis
kata benda abstrak dan mempunyai arti yang sama seperti abstract noun atau
seperti noun infinitive:
Gerund : Sleeping is necessary
to health
Abstract Noun : Sleep is
necessary to health
Noun infinitive : To sleep is
necessary to health
Ketiga kalimat tersebut di atas
semuanya berarti suatu hal yang sama yaitu tidur perlu untuk kesehatan.
Gerund
adalah kata kerja bentuk ING, atau biasa disebut Verb_ING.
Dalam bahasa Inggris, memang ada beberapa kata kerja yang selalu diikuti oleh Gerund
ini. Namun, untuk masuk kesana, saya akan memulainya dari topik Verbs as
Complement.
A. Ada Kata Kerja yang SELALU
diikuti oleh Invinitive (to +Verb), yaitu:
1. Agree (setuju)
2. Attemp (berusaha/mencoba)
3. Claim (menuntut/menyatakan)
4. Decide (memutuskan)
5. Desire (menginginkan)
6. Fail (gagal)
7. Forget (lupa/melupakan)
8. Hesitate (merasa ragu/bimbang)
9. Hope (berharap)
10. Intend (bermaksud)
11. Learn (belajar)
12. Need (membutuhkan/memerlukan)
13. Plan (berencana)
14. Prepare (mempersiapkan)
15. Pretend (berpura-pura)
16. Refuse (menolak)
17. Seem (kelihatan)
18. Tend (cenderung)
19. Want (ingin)
20. Wish (berharap)
CONTOH:
• His mother agrees to send him
abroad (ibunya setuju untuk mengirimnya ke luar negeri
• I am sorry, I forgot to call you
yesterday.
• The president is preparing to begin
the meeting
• She learned to cook, when she was a
little
B. Ada Kata Kerja yang SELALU
diikuti oleh Gerund (Verb-ING) :
1. Admit
(menerima/mengijinkan/mengakui)
2. Avoid (menghindari)
3. Appreciate (menghargai)
4. Can’t help (tak tahan)
5. Consider (mempertimbangkan)
6. Deny (mengingkari)
7. Finish (menyelesaikan)
8. Mind (keberatan)
9. Practice (berlatih)
10. Postpone (menunda)
11. Quit (meninggalkan)
12. Recall (mengingat/memanggil
kembali)
13. Resist (melawan/menentang/menahan)
14. Resume (memulai
lagi/meneruskan/menempati lagi)
15. Risk (mempertaruhkan/mengambil
risiko)
16. Suggest (menyarankan/mengusulkan)
CONTOH:
• I suggest you memorizing these
words
• He risks fighting with the fire
• I am considering buying a new house,
because it’s a good investment
• She finished telephoning when I came
• He admitted not cheating on the exam
(negative form)
• I can’t help falling in love with you
Tidak ada komentar:
Posting Komentar